types of errors in measurment | reasons of occuring errors in measurment

what is measurment?

                            Measurement is a process of comparing an unknown quantity with a known standard quantity is always in was error on number of measurement is free from errors

what is meant by errors?

               "errors in the instrument is defined as the derivation of the true value from the desired value"

Types of errors

• Gross error
• Systematic error

                a.  Instrumental errors

                b.   Environmental errors

                c.   observation  errors

• Random errors

Now, let us discuss about these three types of measurement errors one by one.

1.Gross error

Gross error are mainly due to human mistakes in reading or recording observations or in using instruments

Errors may also occur due to incorrect address payment of instrument and computational mistake

For example of German read the temperature 22.5 degrees while the actual reading maybe 23.5 degrees as he makes a mistake while reading the quantity

Remedies :how to eliminate errors Gross error are always there in measurement and it is impossible to eliminate gross error completely

Still gross errors can be minimised by taking grear care while reading and recording the data also 2 or more readings are taken for the cord under measurement and family average of this reading is taken and considered as final value

2.Symmetrical error

Symmetrical error is divided into three categories:

• Instrumental errors
• Environmental errors
• observational errors

Instrumental errors - These Error are due to their three reasons                                        

a. Inherent shortcoming of instruments This error are caused due to the mechanical structure of measuring instrument this error may cause the instrument to read too low to high

for example if we bring of permanent magnet instrument has become too weak the instrument will read high 

b.Misuse of instruments -Improper handling of instruments causes permanent damage to the instrument for example overloading overheating failure to adjust the zero use of Hai register leads accept track of the  errors in instrument reading

c.Loading effects -Measuring system shall not causes any distortion of input signal when connected in the security but it has been found that introduction of any element in the system results extraction of energy from system thereby distorting the original signal

Environmental errors - surrounding conditions of the measuring instrument such as temperature pressure humidity dust vibration or external magnetic field are electrostatic field causes errors in performance of measuring instruments

Observational errors - 

observational error in measurment

As the pointer of analogue measuring instrument is wasted slightly above the surface of

scale it causes parallax errors; to minimise paragraph error metre provided with mirror

3.Random errors -

                  Random errors are those that remain after gross and systematic errors have been substantially reduced.

These errors are due to unknown causes not determine able such errors are normally where is small and can be analysed mathematically.

Sources of errors -

Following are the reasons of occurrence of errors in the measuring instruments      

1. Poor design of parts 

2. lack of knowledge of quantity being measured and related design conditions 

3. change in process parameters ,irregularity 

4. certain design limitations

5. error caused by operator ,reader 

6. poor maintenance

7. Noise- it is defined as main any signal that does not convey Useful information this errors

    these error can minimise by using filters 

8. transmission -during the transmission of information from the primary servicing element 

    to the indicator

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